Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organisation Essay Example for Free

Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organisation Essay Organisation is an entity in which people work together to accomplish a set of goals. Organisations have certain pattern of activities, that is, structures. There is no best way to structure an organisation, since the structure is always adapted to best serve the functions of the organisation. The optimal organisational structure is contingent upon both internal (such as strategy, size, and technology) and external situations (such as external environment) – this is referred to as ‘Contingency Theory’. Based on the academic articles as well as the empirical evidence provided, four contingency factors are covered to justify my position, including strategy, technology and innovation, environmental uncertainty, and size. Firstly, strategy is an important contingency of organisational structure. One of the most important features of an organisation is the goal. Organisations utilise different strategies to accomplish their goals, and a variety of organisation structures are adopted to best serve the strategies since an appropriate structure is critical to the effective strategy implementation. In the early 1960s, Chandler developed the contingency model which research on the strategy-structure relationship within companies (Qiu Donaldson 2010), he suggested that the optimal organisational structure is contingent on various factors, including the strategies (Pertusa-Ortega, Molina-AzorÄ ±n Claver-Cortes 2010). In the 1970s, the structural contingency model was extended to multinational corporations (MNCs) (Qiu Donaldson 2010). Based on the research since then, Qiu and Donaldson (2010) constructed the Cubic Contingency Model which incorporates the previous models to propose the structure-strategy fits for nine MNC structures. The nine structures fit for different levels of contingent strategies which mean that the design of the structure of an organisation is highly contingent on the organisation’s strategies. Since the organisation’s strategies are never stagnant and are always adapt to accomplish its goal, there can never be a best structure for an organisation. Pertusa-Ortega, Molina-AzorÄ ±n and Claver-Cortes (2010) approached the relationship between strategy and structure from a different angle – resource-based view (RBV). They argued that organisational structures should be considered as a resource for the development of strategies and a source of competitive advantage. Although this approach differs from Chandler’s, it reinforces the strong connection between strategy and structure that organisational structure influences the competitive strategies. As competitive strategy is constantly adapted to the latest goals of the organisation, the structure needs to be varied accordingly, thus there is not a best structure. Technologies and innovations are important to the organisational process of converting inputs into outputs, thus it is also an important contingency of the organisational structure. Firms adapt their structures to the technology or innovation activity they utilise. Leiponen and Helfat (2011) conducted studies to examine the relationship between the innovation activity and the organisational structure of a company, namely, RD. They examined the two conflicting perspectives on the best structure (centralisation or decentralisation) under which RD was able to achieve greater innovation output. According to knowledge-based view, decentralisation is more effective for updating existing technology as well as acquiring new sources of knowledge. On the other hand, organisational economics argues that centralisation reduces the cost of communication and coordination, thus improves the innovation output. Leiponen and Helfat (2011) incorporated both literatures and concluded that decentralisation served imitative innovation better, whereas centralisation led to greater new-to-market innovation output. Leiponen and Helfat’s research effectively proves that the organisational structures are contingent on technology and innovation; since organisations’ technology and innovation activities differ by their degree of standardisation, there is no best way to structure an organisation. Another contingent factor of organisational structures is the environment. â€Å"Contingency theory holds that individual organisations need to adapt to their internal and external environments in order to survive and thrive† (Qiu and Donaldson 2010, p. 81). Managerial discretion is highly dependent on the organisation’s environment and its level of uncertainty (Ferner et al. 2011). The uncertainty of environment requires high level of flexibility within an organisation. Ferner et al. (2011) examined the relationship between span of control and the organisation’s external and internal environment. Based on the empirical data collected, they made several observations. One of the observation stated that variables such as nationality (external environment) and product standardisation (internal environment) affect the degree of central control in multinational companies. US ownership features with relative centralised control of HR in subsidiaries and standardisation of product tend to cause less subsidiary discretion. These studies reflect the close relationship between external and internal environment and the organisational structure. Furthermore, a research conducted by Nandakumar, Ghobadian and O’Regan (2010) indicated the relationships between the environmental dynamism and the business strategy as well as the organisational structure. They observed that highly dynamic environment favoured the cost-leadership strategy with organic structure whereas lower dynamism favoured the differentiation strategy with mechanistic structure. Thus the structure of an organisation is always adapted to the environment, and there is no best structure. Moreover, the size is another contingency variable influencing the design of organisational structure. Organisations with smaller size tend to be more organic and flexible whereas those with large size have more bureaucracy involved (Bradshaw 2009); larger organisations usually have mechanistic structure with more specialisation, centralisation and departmentalisation. Bradshaw (2009) examined several contingency factors of non-profit organisational structure, including age, size, strategy, environmental stability and so on. Based on the empirical data collected, the size along with organisational age is identified as factors to determine the organisation lifecycle (from founding to mature). Generally, the greater age means greater formalisation and the larger size means a more elaborate organisation structure. Thus, it can be concluded that the organisational structure is also contingent on the organisational size. As size varies according to the companies’ type and strategy, there is no best way to structure an organisation. In conclusion, there is no best way to structure an organisation. The optimal organisational structure is contingent upon various factors including strategy, innovation, environment and size. Due to the variance among organisations in terms of these contingency factors, the structures of different organisations vary. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of the internal and external environment of organisations means that the structure of any organisation is always adapted to best serve its goals. Bibliography Bradshaw, P. 2009, ‘A Contingency Approach to Nonprofit Governance’, Nonprofit Management Leadership, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 61-81, viewed 18 March 2012, [EBSCO host / Business Source Premier]. Ferner, A., Tregaskis, O., Edwards, P., Edwards, T., Marginson, P., Adam, D., Meyer, M. 2011, ‘HRM structures and subsidiary discretion in foreign multinationals in the UK’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 483-509. Leiponen, A., Helfat, C.E. 2011, ‘Location, decentralization, and knowledge sources for innovation’, Organization Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 641-658. Nandakumar, M.K., Ghobadian, A., O’Regan, N. 2010, ‘Business-level strategy and performance: The moderating effects of environment and structure’, Management Decision, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 907- 939, viewed 18 March 2012, [ProQuest Central / Business Source Premier]. Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Molina-Azorin, J.F.; Claver-Cortes, E. 2010, ‘Competitive strategy, structure and firm performance. A comparison of the resource-based view and the contingency approach’, Management Decision, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1282-1303. Qiu, J. Donaldson, L. 2010, ‘The Cubic Contingency Model: Towards a more comprehensive international strategy-structure model’, Journal of General Management, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 81-100.

Base Camp Essay Example for Free

Base Camp Essay Expeditions to Mount Everest will totally be exhilarating beyond description, in a sense. Every climber, Sir Edmund Hillary to Jon Krakauer to all the climbers he met during his expedition, to anyone else who have climbed, are climbing and will climb – will be outstanding characters of that adventure into thin air – thus, moving from a life altering Everest experience to awesome awakenings and revelations about themselves and their life thereafter. It is Dr. Seaborn Beck Weathers that the story told in â€Å"Into Thin Air† that will be most notable. He is a wealthy doctor from Texas and has been committed and determined to climb Mt. Everest. Dr. Weathers and Jon Krakauer were teammates with the team of Rob Hall. During the initial days of the expedition, Jon does not know Dr. Weathers much. It was only the most unexpected and miraculous turn of events that Jon about Dr. Weathers. A one dramatic turn of the story of â€Å"Into Thin Air† was when Jon, upon their descending the summit after their successful conquering of its 29,028 ft on May 10, 1996. One of Rob Hall’s rule is that their turnaround time was 2 p. m. Whoever has not reached the peak must just give it up at exactly 2 p. m. no matter how close anyone else is. Dr. Weathers did not make it. And when Jon reached the Balcony, a part of the route, he saw Dr. Weathers alone. Dr. Weathers was terribly cold and shaking and shivering. Dr. Weathers developed a bad eyesight during the Mr. Everest Climb. Apparently, he had radial keratotomy to correct his vision years before the expedition. Due to the low barometric pressure of the heights of the mountains, his vision became blurred. Dr.Weathers kept the information and what he is undergoing at that time from Rob Hall and the rest of the team. He was already nearly blind when they initially left their Base Camp. It is because of his deep determination and profound passion for climbing and his intention to work well in a team – that he forced his way through the expedition. Dr. Weathers hoped that when daylight comes, his eyesight will be a little bit better. During the ascent of the team of Rob Hall, Dr. Weathers really walked very close to the next person in front of him – without any complaints. When he could no longer bear the discomfort and knowing that he would pose more of a danger than good to his team, he admitted to Rob Hall about his condition. Then and there, Rob Hall decided that Dr. Weathers will not continue and he will be accompanied by a Sherpas to return to Base Camp. Inspite of the confidence of Dr. Weathers, Hall insisted Dr. Weathers stay put and to wait for the team Thus Dr. Weathers waited until Jon saw him and after a long wait, a guide gets Dr. Weathers to descend. But the weather became terribly bad. Blizzard and snow pellets abound. As it turned out, the more the vision of Dr. Weather’s gone to worse. He was practically stepping into thin air as they walked down Mr. Everest. And it was at the South Col part of the mountain that a hurricane fully developed totally devastated the team ascending – Dr. Weathers included. There were teams that were sent to rescue. But no effort was made to rescue Dr. Weathers as they considered him dead. The night passed and surely Dr. Weathers was without any oxygen and unconscious. He was comatose for 12 hours. But lo and behold, Dr. Weathers regained consciousness and made his way to Base Camp – all with the worst frost bites ever treated by doctors in the camp. Jon’s encounter and narration of the incident on Dr. Weathers left very indelible meaning for him. Jon says in â€Å"Into Thin Air†: â€Å"Its an incredible tale, and Becks an incredible guy, Krakauer says. He lost a hand and all his fingers, and he just tells it like it is. He doesnt try to embellish his story or put a spin on anything. His story is horrible but it is also uplifting. It may be the one uplifting part of this whole sordid mess.

Cartoon Entertainment Is Not Only For Kid Media Essay

Cartoon Entertainment Is Not Only For Kid Media Essay Nowadays, there are many entertaining programs developed for kid, these programs are more and more plentiful and they increase incessantly. One of the most popular programs is cartoon. Now, cartoon is not only for kid, it is also an entertaining program for adults. How long do you/ your kids use for watching cartoon? Which are age groups who usually watch cartoon? What is the purpose of their watching cartoon? These researches, which give some detail summarizing the whole report, may help anyone who wants to understand more clearly and care about Cartoon. Introduction Cartoon or animated movie is a form which uses optical illusion and movements of consecutive performing of many still images. The first cartoon in the world was Fantasmagorie which was made by a France artist, Emile Cohl in 1908. Produced in over 100 years ago, this film had no sound and was called silent film. With white stroke on a black board in class table the film about the adventure of the cartoon character called Stick figure. All are represented by dots and simple strokes. Traditional animated cartoon, developed in early 1900s, was practiced by Ubbe Ert Iwwerks, Walt Disney and others. They had used 24 different pictures for each second of their animated movie. The first complete cartoon was produced in 1991. However, cartoon was not recognized by worldwide audience until 1914 via category animation film Gertie the Dinosaur by producer John Bray. Early 30s of twentieth century, manufactures began to enhance color elements and sound in animation. The most representative works are maximum use of such elements as Snow white and the Seven Dwarfs (1973), this is the long animated the first episode in the history of the genre. Frequently, people think cartoons are made by many simple drawing and just put them on order. In most peoples opinion, cartoons are several pictures describing consecutive actions. In fact, the second thought is true. However, nowadays, in order to bring out a perfect product; producers have to make a lot of specific things. Base on http://www.hdvietnam.com/diendan/37-che-tac-phim-hd/66866-quy-trinh-lam-phim-hoat-hinh.html (user Chip, 2008), we have a brief proceed about how to make a short cartoon movie. A cartoon movie, even just 30 or 80 minutes also needs a number of producers and amount of time to make it completely. Everything starts from the idea, as soon as the script has been done; a group of artists begin to develop many storyboards which include brief conversations and the sound in the movie. After director checks the storyboard out, they move on to sound recording. Many people whose voice suit with characters in the movie will be invited to dub. The sound will be dealt with and provided on the number of frame on the movie and written called paper the dope sheet. Next to this step, the layout will be drawn first; artist just only use the pencil for perspective, arrangement and movements of characters. Then, they add more colors and theme on movie and move it to computer in order to join the sc enes with the sounds. Finally, they check it out again to fix the problems and public. The cartoon making takes a lot of time. It usually takes them, on average, 6 to 12 months or maybe more just only to make a half hour cartoon. It is truly a difficult job. Furthermore, on the link http://vnexpress.net/gl/doi-song/chia-se/2009/10/3ba14231/, base on doctor Phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡m Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thanh in Kids Hospital, watching cartoon had many bad effects on children. According to her, even in cartoon, children are affected by violence across the screen kicking, killing each other with frequency of about 20 times an hour. Children, who watch violence images on television many hours a week there, will have many violence actions as hitting, punching, biting his parents, sibling and friends. For advertising of food and alcohol, the young tend to think the food in advertisements is good for health and not interested in the importance of vegetable in their diet. In addition, kids who watch more cartoon are less physically active, easy weight gain, which leading to obesity while in young ages, children need to play creatively to social development. Finally, cartoon or television also influences childrens eyesight if they focus on looking at the scree n for prolonged periods. Method I. Participants: The researcher chose 100 people from many areas in Hanoi who have different jobs and ages. The participants in this study are: 20 students are working in Banking Academy, Hanoi, Vietnam. 30 kids from Katies living place. (Mage = 15.6 years, age range: 8 18 years) 20 younger parents who have kids (Mage = 27.3 years, age range: 23 35 years) 30 adults live around Hoan Kiem Lake (Mage = 36,3 from 19 45 years) In those participants, researcher chose 3 people to ask them a lot of special question. All of them have kid on school-age: Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Hoa, 29 years old, lives in Hanoi and she is a business woman. She has two children, one kid is 7 years old and the other one is 10 years old. Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Phà ºc Là ¢m, 32 years old, lives in Hanoi and works as a director in a Japan Company. He has a son whom is 9 years old. Là ² A Pà ¡o, 27 years old and lives in Hanoi. He works as sale manager on a company. He has a son on school age. I choose participants of different age living in different area to be objective and results of comprehensive. I focus on those who are kids by age group most influenced by this art. As young adults age is less influenced. II. Procedure First, the researcher collected the information from some source such as: newspaper, books, Internet and so on. Then, basing on it, the researcher made some relevant questions for adults and people who care about Cartoon. Thirdly, the researcher met them in persons and interviewed to get more information. With the adults, the researcher asked them filling questionnaire or ask and the researcher filled the question list for children. After that, some quotation were cited, analyzed and compared. Finally, the researcher showed the conclusion from studies. Results Previously, there are many reports have mentioned and researches about the using of people about media, including cartoon, and its affect to the peoples life. Figure 1: Media Multitasking Among 5- to 8- Year-Olds (%) I have found a study which research about children in America with multimedia and built it up to a bar chart. Base on the above chart, we can easily see that there is up to 23 percent kids of age from 5 to 8 years old use media several hours per day. Besides that, the study also point out 16 percent of 0- to 8- year-old use more than one media most or some of the time; among 5- to 8-year-old, 23 percent do. In addition, among the 79 percent of 5- to 8-year-olds who have homework, 21 percent usually or sometime have the TV on while they do it Stevie Hossler  (August, 2011) said that typically, children begin watching cartoon on television at an early age of six month, and by age two or three, children become enthusiastic audience. This has become a problem because there are too many children are watching TV too much and these programs (even cartoon) become violent and addictive. Children watch cartoon too much on TV are more likely to have mental problems and feelings, along with brain and eyes injuries and unexpectedly the risk of a physical problem increase. Furthermore, because of seeing violent on TV, children become less sensitive to hurting and affliction of others, they are not afraid of violent and easily become aggressive or use harmful action towards other people. Besides above results that I found in references, I also had a survey with 100 people have different ages (from 6 to over 45 years old and come from many different areas around Hanoi) on the question: Do you watch cartoon movie? and if yes: How old are you?. Then, I build on one pie chart that shows us Which are age groups who usually watch cartoon? Figure 2: Which are age groups who usually watch cartoon? ( % ) Nowadays, cartoon movies are very popular and improve very quickly. Variety of cartoon movies were built for every age. From this chart we can see easily that at the period of age from 28 35, the percentage of people watch cartoon is 6 percent, makes up the smallest part of the pie chart. In that period of age, people usually too busy with their job and have no time to watching television, relaxing, even playing with their kids. A few of them spend the weekend to do those things, however it is just a short time. While, children on school age are the ones who watch cartoon the most. On the research, all kids watch cartoon every days; they watch it at home, at school and spend at least 3 hours per day for looking at television screen. It is really a huge number. Moreover, we had a survey of a number of people who watch cartoon to find answers of the question: What kind of cartoon movie do you watch? Figure 3: What kind of cartoon movie do you watch? The chart above shows us that violent cartoon is the kind that be watched the most at the age of 19 to 27, it is 5 percent. Besides that, the proportion of watching funny or education cartoon is a significant little than the violent one. The highest percentage of watching funny movie is just only 40 percent at the age of 28 to 35 years old. It the working-age and they use main animated movie for relaxing and entertaining. Whereas, the number of kids within the age of 6 to 10 years old watching funny movie is very low; there is just 20 percent of them watch this kind of cartoon and as half as this proportion on violent film. Most children will watch a movie comes across on television which tells stories about fighting between superman and monster or human and aliens. These cartoons will attract the kid by many attractive pictures and dynamic techniques. However, there are many violent fighting scene can effect directly on child brain. Discussion When I did the research about cartoon with many people, there are two opposite opinions. Nobody can deny that cartoons have many surface advantages. First, watching cartoon movie is a useful entertainment activity for children and adults. A child can lie down quietly on sofa and just watch his favorite cartoon, instead of running around or screaming when his parents are working so they can play with their kid. Moreover, cartoons also have important effect on adults, especially the couples whose young children. After several busy working hours, parents can sit next to their kids and watch cartoon together. Thank to this film, they can relax completely and have a chance to stay their children nearer. These things are better than plunging into job immediately after arriving home and do not spend any time talking to the children. Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Hoa (29 years old, Hanoi) said that: When my daughter was younger than she is now, after working time, I arrived home and just focused on housework such as cleaning, washing, cooking and so on. Because of my job, I did not have enough time to play with my child and usually took her play by herself or with her friends next door. Recently, I realize that when I watching cartoons with my daughter, the conversation between me and my kid become closer than ever. Now, I understand my honey more clearly, know what she wants, what she thinks, and how she grows day by day. As a mother, I really feel very happy and so glad to understand her. J.Wolffe, an animation researcher wrote in an article on April, 23, 2012 that the animation is where kids learn how the hero is really, when she was a child, she could learn to pronounce quickly difficult words which make people confusing when listen to them. Smart will help you get almost everything and there is always anybody is more intelligent than you, animation teaches all that. Why? Because, via animation kids can learn and understand quickly when they are entertaining, which is one of the reason why children have difficulty learning from teachers, the pressure makes them liable to remember vocabulary as fast as sing a song in animation. At home, I always buy CD or open a cartoon channel to watch many funny movies with my son. In the past, my brood was very active; he always run around house, from a room to another room and never sits quietly on a place within thirty minutes. However, since he has watched cartoon, he can sit on chair with concentration to television without saying any word. Furthermore, he also often draws the characters on cartoon scene, training every day and improves it day by day. I am so proud of my little boy said Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Phà ºc Là ¢m (32 years old, Hanoi). Not only does cartoon bring happy time for parents with their children, but it also is a special teacher for kids, who is closest and most friendly with younger generation. Nowadays, there are many cartoon series which including educative programs. It teaches children arithmetic, drawing by using beautiful and attractive shape and funny situation. Besides that, via a lot of movies, kids can learn about some knowledge around them, improving their grasp and learning. Some programs teach 7- and 8- years old a little of a foreign language, such as English an international language. Learning English from young is an important step for language ability for children in the future. In addition, animated films have a lot of funny and eye-catching picture which attract the kids so these points will help develop and enrich the childrens imagination. A vast number of people think that watching cartoon is totally good and it does not have any bad influence on children and adults. In fact that opinion is not absolute true. Cartoon is a kind of movie which causes addiction easily. More and more kids have trend toward sitting on room and they prefer watching cartoon to going out and playing with other kids, doing exercise or other activities. Sitting and watching animated movies several hours like that can make the kids sink into the world of many imaginary characters, they can use that time to do more useful work, instead of wasting it only on watching cartoon. Cartoon is just a program used to relax and improve kids brain; it cannot replace healthy activities which will train childrens body. Moreover, base on an unpublished study perform by Mary Fenway, watching cartoon on several hours cause autism for 46% of children who usually do this work and they will find difficult on opening relationship. This is really an unexpected disadvantage of watching cartoon, which nobody is looking forward to. Besides that, nowadays, appeared many animated companies just care about their profit and are insensitive to their products affection for younger generation. Là ² A Pà ¡o (27 years old, Hanoi) said that: I usually let my son watching cartoon himself because he is very interested in this funny programs. However, recently, I feel that my son got mad more often than he had been, lazy to eat and sometime he beat his classmate in kindergarten. A few day later, I found that a cartoon channel that my child usually watch for, project an animated movie whose a lot of violent scene. Immediately, I delete that channel because it made much bad influent on my kid. Instead, I let my son watch a lot of educative cartoon and care more about what he watches. In modern life, many parents are busy with their jobs and do not notice what their child watch. Bad animated movies bring a lot of evil effect on young people, teach them things and make them have the wrong view about the lives around. Furthermore, a few animated movies which are made for adults, has unsuitable content with kids and effect on the childrens souls if they watch those movies accidentally.   On the latest study, American of Child Psychiatry and adolescents (AACAP) point out that television does not affect the behavior of children as young an age. From  their research, the AACAP countries, Kids watch shows in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. They also said that childrens parents need to keep a close eye on what their kids watch, and explain for children that the cartoon character was shot was not hurt, but really would be seriously injuries or die in real life. They should tell their kids that violence is not the best ways to deal with a conflict. In conclusion, because of a lot of cartoons affections on childrens life and character in future, choosing a best cartoon for kids is an important work with who are mothers and fathers. In addition, there is an alarm for the industry for kids; they need block the commercial cartoon, give back the innocent, pure and suitable animated movies for the future generation of the world.

Verizon Issues :: essays research papers

10th March 2005 The Verizon EDMA Center P.O. Box 1915 Beltsville, MD 20705-1915 To Whom It May Concern: I am writing in reference to international charges posted on my most recent phone bill (Billing date – 02/20/05). To explain the situation, I traveled to Manchester, England on January 22, 2005 through February 8, 2005. On January 25, 2005, my wife called to inquire about international calling plans offered by Verizon. She was informed by a Verizon employee that the calling plan cost $4/month and that would entitle her to $.08/minute to England. Based on this fact, we used the calling plan for the rest of the time I was England, assuming we were paying $.08/minute. However, when we received the phone bill, the charges for all calls made through the calling plan were charged at $.30/minute. When I contacted Verizon regarding the difference, I was told that each call had a premium service termination charge attached to it of $.22/minute. My problem with this situation is that my wife was never informed that a premium service termination charge existed. When she signed up for the plan, a Verizon employee specifically told her that all calls to England would be $.08/minute. She was not given a qualifier stating that there was a possibility the charges may be higher due to a premium service termination. Furthermore, we never received literature explaining the details of the plan. Had we known that charges could have been $.30/minute, we would have used an alternative calling plan with much lower rates. Due to false information, or a lack of important information, given to us by a Verizon employee, we were overcharged $89.

Neuropsychologist Essay -- Neurology Psychology Medicine Papers

Neuropsychologist A neuropsychologist is a professional in the field of psychology that focuses on the interrelationships between neurological processes and behavior. They work as a team with neurologists, neurosurgeons, and primary care physicians. Neuropsychologists extensively study the anatomy, pathology, and physiology of the nervous system (http://www.tbidoc.com/Appel2.html). Clinical neuropsychologists then apply this knowledge to the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and/or rehabilitation of patients across the lifespan with medical, neurodevelopmental, neurological and psychiatric conditions, as well as other cognitive and learning disorders (http://nanonline.org/content/text/paio/defneuropsych.shtm). A clinical neuropsychologist uses behavioral, cognitive, neurological, physiological, and psychological principles to test and evaluate the patient’s behavioral, neurocognitive, and emotional strengths and weaknesses (http://nanonline.org/content/text/paio/defneuropsych.shtm). The neuropsychologist also compares the patient’s relationship to normal and abnormal central nervous system functioning. Then the clinical neuropsychologist uses this information along with information provided from other healthcare and/or medical providers to identify and diagnose neurobehavioral disorders. After identifying and diagnosing the patient, the clinical neuropsychologist will plan and implement intervention strategies. Patient Himself or Herself Just ventral to the thalamus, near the base of the brain is where the hypothalamus is located. The hypothalamus is relatively small (peanut-sized) but extremely complex structure. It is intimately involved in the control of... .... Definition of a Neuropsychologist. Retrieved April 29, 2005, from http://nanonline.org/content/text/paio/defneuropsych.shtm. Carlson, Neil R. (1994). Physiology of Behavior 5th Edition. Massachusetts: Paramount Publishing. Gordon, Christopher J. (1993). Temperature Regulation in Laboratory Rodents. New York: Cambridge University Press. Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology 8th Edition. Canada: Thomson Learning, Inc., Wadsworth. Morgane, Peter J., & Panksepp, Jaak (1980). Handbook of the Hypothalamus Volume 2: Physiology of the Hypothalamus. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Reber, Arthur S., & Reber, Emily (2001). The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc. Wiederholt, Wigbert C. (2000). Neurology for Non-Neurologists 4th Edition. Pennsylvania: W.B. Sauders Company.

Women and Heart Disease :: essays research papers fc

WOMEN AND HEART DISEASE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heart attacks and heart disease is no longer considered a disease that affects just men. Women are at risk for these diseases too. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death among women. American women are more likely to die from heart disease than from breast cancer. It w3as said by the Texas Heart Institute that this disease kills more women over 65 than all cancers combined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times women are less likely to survive a heart attack than men are. The reason behind this could be that heart attack symptoms in women are sometimes different from those experienced by men. A woman having a heart attack may only feel pain in the arm or back, they may have some nausea or light-headedness. Shortness of breathe can also be a factor. Many risk factors that contribute to heart disease can be controlled. Quitting smoking, lowering cholesterol and regulating our blood pressure are some things we all should consider.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking is a major factor for heart disease. It lowers the good cholesterol, which in turn heightens the risk of heart disease. Although smoking in this country has been on the decline in the past years, the number of women who smoke has increased. The good news is that no matter how long someone smokes the risk can be quickly reduced by quitting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cholesterol levels are also related to a person’s risk of heart disease. Many times cholesterol can be maintained by diet, while others may need to take medication to treat it. A study reported by the American Journal of Cardiology found that HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels were the most important predictor of your heart health. The higher a woman’s HDL is the less likely she is to have heart problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypertension also known simply as high blood pressure is a common problem related to heart disease. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder. It also speeds up the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise and if necessary medication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With current statistics revealing significant differences between men and women with heart disease women as a whole, need to become more aware.

Condom Machines Should Be Permitted on Campus

Darren Tan Natalie Hudson, Ph. D. ENG 113 – 1006 November 1, 2012 Persuasion – Condom Machines Should be Permitted on Campus An increasing number of students is having sexual intercourse in campus dormitories, thus increasing the need for condom machines to be placed on campus grounds. First and most importantly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that 47. 4% of students have had at least one encounter of sexual intercourse during their terms of study with only 38. % of them having used any form of protection. This could result in an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STD) such as syphilis, gonorrhea and the most fatal of all, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 2009, an estimated 5,259 young adults (aged 17-24) were diagnosed with AIDS, and the numbers are still increasing over the years. Second, 21. 6% of students engaged in sexual intercourse after consuming alcohol or drugs at college parties.This co uld result in a higher percentage of students having unprotected sex, and it could also expose them to higher risks of catching STDs if they have sex with unknown partners. Finally, having unprotected sex could also result in unwanted pregnancies. Tunette Powell, a bright college student who used to do very well in school, saw a plummeting in her results due to the stress from her unwanted pregnancy. She eventually had to drop out of school because she was not able to focus on her studies anymore, thus limiting her qualifications.It is almost impossible to prevent sexual interactions between college students staying in campus hostels, but by placing condom machines on site, it will help to promote safe sex and at the same time greatly reduce the chances of acquiring STDs and unwanted pregnancies. Bibliography Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexual Risk Behavior: HIV, STD & Teen Pregnancy Prevention. n. d. Research. —. Sexual Risk Behavior: HIV, STD, & Teen Pregnan cy Prevention. 2011. Research. 1 November 2012.