Imperialism in Africa and India

Section 1 A Scramble For Africa European grounds needed to fuel industrial production Competed for new markets for goods and took huge interest in Africa Imperialism- Seizure of a country or dirt by a stronger country o Occurred end-to-end most of Africa o Europe came in and dominated Mid 1800s Africans divided into ethnic and linguistic groups Some metamorphoseed to Islam and Christianity Most kept traditions and theology For 400 social classs African army able to keep Europeans out Until late 1800s Europe only dominated coast of Africa Couldnt voyage rivers Disease also kept them out Specialized trade networks Introduction of steam positioned river boats allowed Europeans to dominate more of Africas interior Those who did get in were against slave trade People learned about Africa through their customaryations The Congo Sparks Interest Dr. David Livingstone traveled with group of Africans into deep Africa to promote Christianity Several years bypast and peo ple thought he was dead Henry Stanley went to find him and succeeded Stanley wanted to trace course of Congo River In 1879 and 1882 Stanley write treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley Gave King Leopold II of Belgium take for of these vote downs Leopold II claimed wanted to abolish slave trade and promote Christianity Brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubberise plants About 10 million Africans died due to abuse In 1908 Belgian govt. took go for of Congo away from king Congo 80x larger than Belgium This alarmed France because they had signed treated that gave them arrest of north bank of Congo Soon More European and Latin American countries began to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism Industrial change drove European countries to obtain more land European countries searched for more markets Europeans viewed themselves as the greatest nation and race Racism- the belief that one race is passe-partout to other s Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others Non-Europeans on lower scale of cultural and physical incurment because didnt make technological progress Europeans thought was their job to bring advancements to other countries European missionaries sought to convert lands to Christianity Hoped Christianity would bring end to evil practices like slave trade overly wanted to civilize landsFactors promoting Imperialism in Africa Europeans technological superiority Europeans had guns Europeans had steam engines that allowed them to control deep Africa Europeans had railroads, cables, and steamships that allowed them to communicate within liquidation and to controlling nation Drug quinine prevented Europeans from catching diseases Africa wasnt unified due to diversity and wars fought between different ethnic groups Divison of Africa Discoveries of diamonds and gold in south Africa increased Europe ans interest in conquering Africa All European countries became part of raceBerlin conference divides Africa Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay d receive rules for the course of instruction of Africa Competition between European countries Any country could conquer land but had to notify other European countries How Africans felt about it wasnt a factor Didnt have attention to how ethnic and linguistic groups in Africa were distributed By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies During colonization Europeans believed Africans would buy their goods Only some Africans did this Businesses still needed edged materials Greatest wealth obtained from Africa was large mineral sources Congo contained copper and tin This nothing compared to diamonds and gold in south Africa true cash crop peanuts, cover oil, cocoa, and rubber Replaced food crops needed by farmers to feed families Three Groups Clash over South Africa Zulu chief, Shaka used highly check warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state Shakas successors unable to keep control Zulu nation eventually fell to British controlBoers and British Settle in the ness Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took Africans land and established large farms When British took control of Cape Colony there was clash over British policy of slaves and land Boers moved north in Great Trek to escape from British Started fight fiercely with Zulu and other African groups whose land was getting taken When Diamonds and gold found in south Africa Boers act to keep outsiders from gaining political rights British tried to rebel against Boers and failed Boers rose against British in Boer war The war was brutal (no mercy) Many black southern Africans also participated Many were captured and put in British concentration camps Britain won war Europeans make efforts to change political, so cial and economic lives of people they conquered Section 2 Imperialism Imperialism of 18th and 19th century different than previous imperialism Europeans demanded more influence over all aspects of African lives Determined to shape economies to help benefit European economies Wanted people to adopt European customsForms of visit 4 types o Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power o Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power o Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims single(a) investment or trading privileges o Economic imperialism- an independent but slight developed country controlled by private business interests sort of than other govts. Also had direct and indirect control Britain and U. S. preferred indirect France and most other European nations preferred direct collateral control o Relied on existing political rulers o Rulers adopted British Autho rity o Rulers handled much of daily management of colony o Each colony had legislative council ? Colonial officials ? Local merchants ? Professionals ? Colonial governor Direct Control French and other European didnt think Africans could run country Paternalism- the sentiment that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates good Gave them needs but not rights Europeans brought in own bureaucrats Didnt train Africans in European methods of govt. Assimilation- the musical theme that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them Africans adopted French culture All schools, courts, and businesses copy after French institutions In practice idea of assimilation abandoned French resided to indirect control Recognized African culture but axiom it as inferior Indirect Control Direct control Local govt. fficials used Foreign officials brought in to rule Limited egotism-rule No self rule Goal to develop future leaders Goal assimilation Govt. institutions ground on European styles but may have Govt. institutions are based only on European styles local rules A British Colony Britain gained control of southern Nigeria Some local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection and arrogate British residents Others opposed intervention and rebelled against it British defeated disorders Royal Niger Comp. gained control of palm oil trade over Niger River Delta In 1914 British claimed entire Nigeria as colony Managing the Colony Nigeria culturally diverse Three main groups were o Hausa-Fulani ? Muslim ? Had strong central govt. o Yoruba Followed traditional religion ? Relied on chiefs for control o Igbo ? Same as Yoruba Didnt have enough British troops to govern such complex area British resided to indirect control Worked well with Hausa-Fulani but not with other two groups Local chiefs of Yoruba and Igbo resented limited power African Resistance Africans resist ed European attempts to colonize But Europeans had more mature weaponry Therefore, Africans didnt succeed in most cases Unsuccessful Movements There was resistance and resistance through religious movements Algerias almost 50 year resistance against France West Africas Samori Toures 16 year resistance against France African villagers resisted Germans in spiritual defense o Believed magic water would let go of Germans bullets to water o 20 groups came together and fought against Germans o Fighters believed God and their ancestors would return to life and assist them o Over 75,000 Africans died o doubly that some Africans died in famine to follow o Germans shocked and passed some reformsEthiopia A successful Resistance Only African nation that successfully resisted Europeans Menelik II- became emperor moth of Ethiopia in 1889 Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other Built up large arsenal of modern weapons he purchased from Russia and France M enelik II signed pact with Italy while Italians were invading the country Menelik II declared war in 1896 Battle of Adowa was largest battle in history of Africa Ethiopians won and kept independence bequest of Colonial Rule Negative effects Africans lost control of land and independence o Lost many people to disease and rebellion o Famine o Breakdown of traditional culture o Traditional authorities replaced o Homes and properties transferred o People lost jobs o Identity issues o Division of Africa o Unnaturally divided groups o No Unity Positive Effects o Local warfare reduced o sanitisation improved o Hospitals o Schools o Lifespans increased o Literacy increased o Economic expansion o Railroads, dams, telephone, telegraph lines built in Africa o However, this only really benefited the EuropeansSection 4 British Imperialism in India Area controlled by East India Company grew overtime Both directly and indirectly governed southern India, Bangladesh, and territory along Gan ges River in north British govt. regulated East India company Company ruled India without British interference until 19th century Had own army with British officers Sepoys- Indian soldiers Army was dangerous because could easily turn against British Britains Jewel in the Crown Industrial revolution dark Britain into worlds workshop India supplied Britain with many raw supplies Indias 3,000,000 people also large potential market for British made goods India was brightest jewel in crown because it was the most valuable of all Britains colonies British made restrictions that prevented Indian economy from operating on its own Indians could only produce raw materials for Britain Indians were not allowed to compete with Britain British Transport Trade Goods Railroad system built in India India became more valuable Most of raw materials transported included o Tea o Indigo o Coffee o Cotton Jute o Opium Sold trade opium for tea from China Sold tea in England Impact of Colon ialism Negative impact on India British held most of economical and political power British restricted Indian owned industries Many villagers couldnt be self sufficient due to emphasis on cash crop Food production reduced Famine Racism Forced variety to Christianity Positive impact on India Had worlds third largest railroad system Railroad system united brought modern economy that India Sanitation and public health improved India modernized by railroads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals Schools and collages founded Literacy increased Idea cleared of bandits Local welfare amongst competing rulers The Sepoy Mutiny British controlled most of India Believed British were trying to convert Indians to Christianity There was so much racism Nationalist idea emerged The Indians decided to rebel Gossip spread amongst sepoys that the cartridges of their new rifles were greased with beef and pork toothsome To use cartridges Indians had to bite off e nds Cows were sacred to them and Muslims didnt eat pork so they were very angered Soldiers who refused cartilages were imprisoned Next day they rebelled Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers Uprising spread from Delhi to much of northern India British and sepoys tried to slaughter each others armies Took company more than a year to regain control of country Indians couldnt unite against British due to weak leadership and conflict between Hindus and Muslims Hindus preferred British rule over Muslim ruleTurning catamenia After munity Britain took direct control over India Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria To reward many princes who stayed loyal to company during munity, Britain promised to respect all treaties they had with them Also promised that Indian states that were still free would remain independent Regardless, British gained control of free states unofficially Munity render racist attitudes of British Munity increased distrust between Indians and British Hindus and Muslims felt they were being ruined under British rule Nationalism Surfaces in India In early 1800s some Indians began demanding modernization break up Mohum Roy, a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices Ram Mohum Roy believed that if practices werent changed India would continue to be controlled by outsiders Ram Mohum Roys writings inspired other Indians to press for social reforms and adopt western slipway Nationalist feelings also began to surface in India Indians hated system that made them second class citizens in own country Made much less money than British workers Nationalist groups form 2 nationalist groups formed o Indian National Congress in 1885 o Muslim group discussion in 1906 ? Focused on Indians concerns ? Wanted self government ? Divided in to Hindu and Muslim section ? Separation made it hard for them to unite in calling for indep endence ? In 1911 British regained control and divided them differently Conflict over Indian control act to develop between Indians and British Key Terms Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country African goods copper, tin, gold, diamonds, rubber, cocoa, palm oil, and peanuts Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa Shaka- was a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state in South Africa.His successors werent as successful Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took Africans land and established large farms Boer War- War between British and Boers over land and minerals in which British won Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreig n power Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. Indirect Control Direct control Local govt. officials used Foreign officials brought in to rule Limited self-rule No self rule Goal to develop future leaders Goal assimilation Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have Govt. institutions are based only on European styles local rules India was brightest jewel in crown because it was the most valuable of all Britains colonies Indian goods Tea, Indigo, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, and Opium Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889.He was the only one who was successful at preventing his state (Ethiopia) from being conquered. Sepoys- Indian soldiers Sepoy Mun ity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria Ram Mohum Roy- a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices and bring nationalism Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates good Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them